Utilitarianism Essays (1113 words) - Utilitarianism,

Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill suggests that a person's ethical decision-making process should be based solely upon the amount of happiness that the person can receive. Although Mill fully justifies himself, his approach lacks certain criteria for which happiness can be considered. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well. This paper will examine Mill's position on happiness, and the reasoning behind it. Showing where there are agreements and where there are disagreements will critique the theory of Utilitarianism. By showing the problems that the theory have will reveal what should make up ethical decision-making. John Stuart Mill supports and explains his reasoning in his book, Utilitarianism. Mill illustrates the guidelines of his theory. Mill defines utilitarianism as the quest for happiness. His main point is that one should guide his or her judgements by what will give pleasure. Mill believes that a person should always seek to gain pleasure and reject pain. Utilitarianism also states that the actions of a person should be based upon the"greatest happiness principle". This principle states that ethical actions command the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Mill further explores the need for pleasure by noting "a being of higher faculties requires more to make him happy." . He acknowledges that some pleasures are more alluring than others are. He adds to this by making known that when placing value in things to calculate pleasure, not only quantity important but quality as well. Mill's criteria for happiness is easily understood, some statements that he gives are questionable. John Stuart Mill plainly laid out what he believes that the basis for ethical decision-making. First, the pursuit of pleasure is directly related to happiness. This idea can be easily accepted. It is natural for a person to focus his goals on things that will bring him pleasure. It would be absurd if someone's goal in life was to be poor and starving. This being said, it does not mean that people are only happy due wealth but that no one's goals are focused on poverty. Although there are many issues that can be agreeable with Mill, there are problems that exist with his theory of utilitarianism. First, Mill says that all ethical decisions should be based on pleasure. This statement becomes questionable when Mill states that pleasure is the sole requirement for happiness. Pain indirectly effects happiness. Pain is an indirect factor because is not the object of one's happiness, but is an obstacle which one must overcome to gain it. If one is to avoid all pain in his or her life, then how will that person truly know what true pleasure feels like? True pleasure comes only after experiencing pain. If a person always wins a race, does he or she feel true pleasure each time they win or does it turn into a feeling that they come to expect? If there is a person who loses races constantly, will his happiness be greater when he finally wins? The rewards and pleasures of the second person would greatly outweigh the feelings of happiness the first had because he or she knows how it feels to be defeated. The second person knows the pain that is received because of failure so when he when he will recognize the joy and pleasure that comes with winning. Using this same setting, would it be better for the second person to run in races filled with people who are not matched in skill just so he may always win or should he or she race individuals who are equally matched? Although the first would produce pleasure, the second example would yield the greater amount of pleasure due to the understanding that the competition was evenly matched. Both of these examples show that pain can ultimately cause pleasure, and in some cases the presence of pain will increase the feeling of happiness. Another point were there is disagreement is when Mill justifies the pursuit of pleasure by saying "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." This statement is not universally true. People have different perspectives, what is pleasure for one could be pain for another. Who is right and is wrong? A problem evolves because there is no set definition pertaining to what is pleasurable therefore right and painful therefore wrong. The final disagreement with Utilitarian states that if someone saves a person who is drowning, the rescuer did what is morally right even if his

Essay grammar check for students

Essay grammar check for students Essay Grammar Check Anybody can write an essay; however, essay grammar check requires more than word processing software can provide. Most students are not sure about the quality of the paper, if they do not edit the paper on their own. The word processing software, used by most of them, cannot guarantee perfect grammar check. High-quality editing can be provided only by a professional editor. When you are making a grammar check with the help of computer software, you should understand that it can follow grammar rules, but is mainly based on how it is programmed. Much more profitable is grammar check that is done by a real person. Editors, who work in proofreading services, are well-educated, experienced and trained. Student can ask for proofreading of the paper provided by a professional editor with a PhD degree. If you need a simple essay grammar check, you may turn to the student, who has a huge academic performance. Besides essays proofreading, specialized services also offer:Proofreading and Editing of DissertationsEditing a dissertation includes not just correcting spelling, punctuation and grammar mistakes. This work is much more complex if to compare dissertation proofreading with the essay check. Such companies offer their customers not just essay proofreading and editing services. They also ensure the paper has a proper format, check whether the title, foreword, appendices, bibliography, etc. correspond to the universitys requirements.Proofreading of Thesis papersCompanies that provide proofreading of essays employ editors in various academic fields. These include not only essays, but journals, thesis papers, online/offline publications, dissertations and other papers. The chief editor of the company you turn to will assign an expert in your study field to complete a perfect proofreading of your paper. This is done to make sure that the editing is based on the language required. Therefore, if you are a natural sciences student, you will receive your paper that is edited by a person who had been a degree in this field. Procedures on spelling and grammar check vary in dependence on the subject.Research Papers editingEach research paper includes a huge amount of details, citations and references. It should follow a strict structure to guarantee a thorough discussion of the research topic. It is not enough to provide a simple grammar check for the research paper. Proofreading an essay differs from essay editing significantly. You should remember that the message of a research should follow the rigid format, whereas an essay might be more free-written and can follow any writing style and format. Therefore, editing an essay is much simpler if compared to proofreading a research paper. We have mentioned just a few paper types that you can ask to check for grammar and spelling. Proofreading of an essay is one of the functions provided by any editing service that you can find in the Internet. However, our service offers proofreading of any paper you need.

The Evolution and Importance of Advertising Essay

The Evolution and Importance of Advertising - Essay Example During the era of written advertisement, other types of adverts were even in play; one of such methods was town criers. Town crier refers to an individual who publicly announces information; this was a good method to communicate with those who still were illiterate. These individuals used to roam around a particular town announcing different types of information such as public policies, goods and services that are being sold and news paper information. Town criers are recognized the first form of aural broadcasters as they orally provided information in live form to a particular audience who were in the surrounding areas (Russell, 1993, p.25). This means of advertisement was considered better as this information was obtained by people in first hand form as compared to magazines and a newspaper in which the information is reaches the public after a short delay. Previously information used to target a larger market and advertisements were expected to bring in huge amount of returns. Now, advertisements are more niches based due to increase in merchandisers focus on customer niches. Consumer awareness have increased due to changes in educational system, now consumers can easily tell when they are being cheated or being manipulated into buying goods and services and when wrongful information is being provided to them. Advertisers have to involve huge amount of time and effort while conducting the process of creating and delivering advertisements as consumers nowadays have become tech savvy. Today, a merchandiser cannot depend on one or two tools of advertisement in order to gain the attention of consumers. Currently, if businesses have to make their advertising operations successful, they have to use Integrated Marketing Communication. Integrated Marketing Communication refers to the use of all tools and resources available for advertising to gain consumers attention. These tools range from mobile phones to internet communities, blogs and social networks. Importance of Economy and Managers Economics rule states that when consumers have more money, they tend to spend more and save less, keeping this concept in view, economy has a major impact on advertiser’s efforts. If advertisement is conducted during the period of economic down trend, when the unemployment rate is high and people have less money to spend, the efforts of advertisement fail as during that time period, people tend to spend less and save more. All businesses have a specific budget especially for advertising purpose. A manager’

The Impact of Motivation on English Language Learning Research Paper

The Impact of Motivation on English Language Learning - Research Paper Example Although it is widely documented that motivation is a proven means to success in language learning, several countries, like the Gulf States, remain reluctant to cultivate learners’ motivation to learn a second language due to several reasons. Therefore, this research paper analyses the impact of motivation on English language learning. Introduction Motivation has been broadly recognised by scholars, researchers, and teachers as one of the major variables that determine the level and success of second language learning (SLA). As emphasised by Dornyei (2001), â€Å"teacher skills in motivating learners should be seen as central to teaching effectiveness† (P. 116). Motivated learners are enthusiastic, eager to work hard, concentrate on the tasks given, do not require constant encouragement, willingly confront challenges, and could even motivates others, facilitating collaborative learning. The early attempt to understand the impact of motivation on English language learnin g stems from the field of social psychology (Gu, 2009). This research paper analyses the impact of motivation on English language learning in terms of the various motivational theories. The motivation of learners greatly affects their willingness to take part in the process of learning. Numerous studies have reported the importance of viewing the concept of motivation as a multifaceted phenomenon. Oxford and Shearin (1994) have examined a number of motivational theories and six variables that influence motivation in language learning (Al-Bustan & Al-Bustan, 2009, S454): Attitudes (i.e. sentiments towards the target language). Beliefs about self (i.e. expectations about one’s attitudes to succeed, self-efficiency, and anxiety). Goals (perceived clarity and relevance of learning goals as reasons for learning). Involvement (i.e. extent to which the learner actively and consciously participates in the learning process). Environmental support (i.e. extent of teacher and peer suppo rt). Personnel attributes (i.e. aptitude, and language learning experience). As argued by Pit Corder, â€Å"given motivation, it is inevitable that a human being will learn a second language if he is exposed to the language data† (Dornyei & Ushioda, 2009, 1). This statement was given four decades ago and, from then on, numerous theroetical perspectives and studies investigating the multifaceted nature of motivation and its impact on second language learning have emerged. At the same time, the world has also witnessed the growth of globalisation, European reconstruction, the demise of communism, extensive economic and political migration, greater mobility, and the rapid development of media technologies—all contributing to the relentless pace of global English (McKay, 2002). In other words, over the recent decades the world has transformed dramatically—it is currently distinguished by sociocultural and linguistic flexibility and diversity, where language learning , identity, and ethnicity have become multifaceted contemporary subject matters and the focus of considerable attention in the field of sociolinguistic. However, it is only recently that those engaged in the field of second language learning motivation have actually started to investigate what this evolving global phenomena may suggest for how scholars conceptualise the motivation to acquire proficiently in global English as second language for individuals wanting to gain global recognition or identity (Shafaei & Nejati, 2008). In other words, motivation

Heat of Fusion of Ice Discussion of Theory

Heat of Fusion of Ice Discussion of Theory Measuring the specific latent heat of fusion of water (ice): Introduction In our daily lives, heat can be found in everywhere. Cooking food heat is needed, it also makes people feel warm and produce more energy. Therefore to know the specific latent heat of fusion of water, both we need to know process of the heat was transferred and kinetic energy.The aim of this experiment was to find out the specific latent heat of fusion of water and steam. First of all, heat is a kind of energy, which transfers from one object to another because of their different temperatures. The SI unit of the specific latent heat is joule per kilogram (J kg-1). The specific latent heat of fusion which is the unit used to calculate the energy need to change unit mass of a substance from a solid into a liquid without in temperature. The equation Q=ItV=ML was used to calculate the energy needed from solid to liquid. Where Q is the heat supplied; m is the mass of the solid, L stands for the specific latent heat of fusion. However, in this process, first to be calculated the energy sup plied to the heater and divided it by the mass of ice melted by the heater to find the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. Next is the specific latent heat of vaporization, which was used to calculate how much heat energy for a substance need to change units of mass from liquid into vapour without in temperature. It also defined as the equation is Q=m lv +h â€Å"where lv represents the specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid and h is the heat lost from the ‘jacket in time t†. Duncan (2000: 69). Finally, calorimeter is just a kind of equipment which uses to measure heat. There are some equations were use in the result calculation. The basic theory of the simple experiment is as above.MethodsPart.1 the specific latent heat of fusion of iceThe equipment of this experiment was two funnels and two barrels, an ammeter and a voltmeter supplied. Firstly, two funnels were filled with crushed ice, and then the heater was put in one of the funnels and left them both for five minutes. During these, the heater reached the temperature of the ice in order to change the ice to water quickly. Next, while turned on the heater, the value of voltage and current were recorded. After recording the values, the mass of water was measured that caught from each funnel in five minutes. Finally, after getting the values of masses, voltage and current, the calculation was done.Figure 1, more ice melts in the side with the beaterPart.2 the specific latent heat of vaporization of waterFinding lv can be done using the equipment below in figure 2. First of all, put a measuring cylinder on a top pan balance and surround the cylinder with lagging. The inside aluminium metal container was measured by electronic balance and the lid keep open. After the measuring cylinder was filled with water, the power was turned on to supply. Then wait the moments until the water came back to the boil. After the water was boiling, the mass of water was recorded and the clock was started. Thirdly, the p ower supply was connected and the power was set to 1100w. Finally, a little of the water in cylinder was emptied to become steam and the mass of water also was recorded. The apparatus in this experiment as in figure 2.Figure 2, the boiling water in measuring cylinderResultsPart 1. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice.Table.1 The measurement of latent heat of fusion of ice.The ice with heaterFunnel without heaterMass of cup (g)7373Mass of cup with water (g)9383Mass of water (g)2010Table.1 shows the measurement of latent heat of fusion of ice. The masses are measured by electronic balance; the current of the circuit is 1.5A and the voltage of the circuit is 6V.The error of mass:  ± 1gThe error of heat:  ± 10JPart.2 the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.M1 ( the boiling water)M2 ( after 3 minutes)100049Table.2 The data of the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.Table.2 shows the data of the specific latent heat of vaporization of water which is the difference of the masses of water. In the experiment, the mass of the balance is 79g; the temperature of the water is 100â„Æ';the power of cylinder is 1100W; the time is 3 minutes. And the error of the mass is  ± 1g.DiscussionThe specific latent heat of fusion of ice and the specifi c latent heat of vaporization of water are calculated by the measurement in the tables of result section. The calculation of the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is as follows. Heat lost by water is equal to the mass times the specific latent heat of fusion and the equation is VtI=ML, M is mass of water in difference, t stands for the time taken for heat the ice and L is the latent heat of fusion of ice. ThereforeL ==∠µ=2700J ∠´L=2.7Ãâ€"105Jkg-1 and it is not very similar to the exact value of the latent heat of fusion of ice, which is 3.3Ãâ€"105 Jkg-1. Next part is the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. The heat gained to the water and the cylinder is equal to the work down by the circuit which is 1100W, E=W Ãâ€" t=M lv, which E is the energy gained to the water and the cylinder, M is mass of balance, lv represents the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. From the equation just above, therefore Lv= => and then Lv =2.5Ãâ€"106 Jkg-1. It is also not very similar to the exact value of the specific latent heat of vaporization of water, which is 2.3Ãâ€"106 Jkg-1.According to Duncan (2000:68) â€Å"the kinetic theory sees the supply of latent heat to a melting solid as enabling the molecules to overcome sufficiently the force between them for the regular crystalline structure of the solid to be broken down. And when vaporization of a liquid occurs a large amount of energy is needed to separate the molecules and allow them to move around independently as gas molecules†.

The Bloomsbury Group Essay -- History People Authors Essays

The Bloomsbury Group The Bloomsbury Group consisted mainly of family, colleagues, and friends who shared ideas in writing and painting. "Bloomsbury" signified a group of people who were close in friendship as well as in talent. The Bloomsberries, who were known as the Bloomsbury Group, spent a tremendous amount of time together. Each individual attempted to contribute valuable ideas to one another’s individual works. Two of the most important aspects of the Bloomsberries were Literature and Art. All members of this circle of intellectuals were vastly incorporated with both of these aspects as well as a few others. The most well recognized writer of this group was Virginia Woolf. "The Bloomsbury Group is a popular collective designation for, a number of English intellectuals prominent in the first quarter of the 20th century, all of whom were individually known for their contributions to the arts or to the social science" (www.funkandwagnall.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/b/6003001758.html). Bloomsbury is a residential and academic district in London. "Bloomsbury" began shortly after the death of Sir Leslie Stephen in 1904" ( Johnstone 3). Leslie Stephen with the help from the Victorians basically prepared a passage for "Bloomsbury" to come about. The death of Sir Leslie Stephen was basically how the Bloomsberries finally came out into the open. "Leslie Stephen’s life, which neatly straddled Victoria’s reign, was an epitome of a facet of the intellectual life of that era" (Johnstone 3). The Bloomsberries and the Victorians were quite diverse in their style of art. The Bloomsberries rebelled against the Victorians. "It is a polemic against the Vic torian establishment and its culture- that culture which Bloomsbury believed ha... ...hroughout all of that she achieved great accomplishments as her life went on. The Bloomsbury Group will always be remembered to many people that have a love for literature. Works Cited http://kvtr.elte.hu/csoport/ago/eng.html http://metalab.unc.edu/cheryb/women/virginia-woolf.html http://www.bloomsburyart.com/list.htm http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/%7evfores/sorian03.html http://www.funkandwagnall.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/b/6003001 758.html http://www.helicon.co.uk http://www.jefferson.village.virginia.edu/elab/hf10225.html http://www.online-library.org/fictions/kew-gardens.html Johnstone, John Keith. The Bloomsbury Group; a study of E.M. Forster, Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, and their circle. New York: Noon Day Press, 1954. Marcus, Jane. Virginia Woolf and Bloomsbury. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1987. The Bloomsbury Group Essay -- History People Authors Essays The Bloomsbury Group The Bloomsbury Group consisted mainly of family, colleagues, and friends who shared ideas in writing and painting. "Bloomsbury" signified a group of people who were close in friendship as well as in talent. The Bloomsberries, who were known as the Bloomsbury Group, spent a tremendous amount of time together. Each individual attempted to contribute valuable ideas to one another’s individual works. Two of the most important aspects of the Bloomsberries were Literature and Art. All members of this circle of intellectuals were vastly incorporated with both of these aspects as well as a few others. The most well recognized writer of this group was Virginia Woolf. "The Bloomsbury Group is a popular collective designation for, a number of English intellectuals prominent in the first quarter of the 20th century, all of whom were individually known for their contributions to the arts or to the social science" (www.funkandwagnall.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/b/6003001758.html). Bloomsbury is a residential and academic district in London. "Bloomsbury" began shortly after the death of Sir Leslie Stephen in 1904" ( Johnstone 3). Leslie Stephen with the help from the Victorians basically prepared a passage for "Bloomsbury" to come about. The death of Sir Leslie Stephen was basically how the Bloomsberries finally came out into the open. "Leslie Stephen’s life, which neatly straddled Victoria’s reign, was an epitome of a facet of the intellectual life of that era" (Johnstone 3). The Bloomsberries and the Victorians were quite diverse in their style of art. The Bloomsberries rebelled against the Victorians. "It is a polemic against the Vic torian establishment and its culture- that culture which Bloomsbury believed ha... ...hroughout all of that she achieved great accomplishments as her life went on. The Bloomsbury Group will always be remembered to many people that have a love for literature. Works Cited http://kvtr.elte.hu/csoport/ago/eng.html http://metalab.unc.edu/cheryb/women/virginia-woolf.html http://www.bloomsburyart.com/list.htm http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/%7evfores/sorian03.html http://www.funkandwagnall.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/b/6003001 758.html http://www.helicon.co.uk http://www.jefferson.village.virginia.edu/elab/hf10225.html http://www.online-library.org/fictions/kew-gardens.html Johnstone, John Keith. The Bloomsbury Group; a study of E.M. Forster, Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, and their circle. New York: Noon Day Press, 1954. Marcus, Jane. Virginia Woolf and Bloomsbury. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1987.

Mamie Clark

Running head: MAMIE CLARK 1 Famous Person in Psychology: Mamie Phipps Clark MAMIE CLARK 2 Famous Person in Psychology: Mamie Phipps Clark Mamie Phipps Clark was born in Hot Spring, Arkansas on April 18, 1917 to Dr. Harold and Katie Phipps.Due to her father having a practice in town the family had achieved middle class status and was allowed into many establishments that were normally whites only, which during that time in Arkansas was rarely heard of. Even though few higher educational opportunities were open to black students, after graduating from Langston High School in 1934, Mamie was offered several scholarships and chose to accept one from Howard University. (Cherry,2013) Mamie chose to study at Howard University because it was located in the nation's capital and because of the many accomplished black members of its faculty whom she viewed as role models.She began her studies at Howard as a math major, minoring in physics. There she met her future husband, Kenneth B. Clark, w ho was studying for his master’s in psychology. After not getting much encouragement from her professor’s in mathematics, Kenneth encouraged Mamie to change her major to psychology for employment possibilities and the chance to explore her interest in children. (Cherry, 2013) When completing her master’s degree in 1939, she worked and studied children in an all-black preschool.During that time she met with pyschologists, Ruth and Gene Harley who were studying self-identification in young children and encouraged Mamie to do the same with the children in the preschool. This resulted in her completed thesis â€Å"The Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro Pre-School Children†. (Cherry,2013) MAMIE CLARK 3 Mamie transferred to Columbia University to finish her doctorate degree, where she graduated in 1943 as the second African American to earn a degree (first eing her husband, Kenneth Clark). Then Drs. Mamie and Kenneth Clark used their research with c hildren to show that black children became aware of their racial identity by the age of 3 and by segregating them from white children the children saw their race as negative. This led the Clark’s to present their findings during desegregation trials for the NAACP's case in Brown v. Board of Education, which overturned racial segregation in public schools in 1954. (Mamie Clark, 2013)After several years working in public and private social services being unsatisfied with what she saw, Mamie founded the Northside Center for Child Development, the first center to provide therapy for children in Harlem. At a time when public schools were illegally enrolling many black children into programs for the mentally handicapped, the center conducted its own intelligence tests, fought the schools, and empowered the local population. Realizing that therapy alone could not address the affects of racism on the community, Northside also assisted families with their housing and financial difficu lties.Mamie Clark worked for Northside until retirement in 1980 and died three years later of cancer. (Mamie Clark, 2013) Using the Sociocultural aspect of psychology, it is easily seen that Mamie Clark was influenced by social and cultural she experienced in her life. Growing up in Arkansas during the times where racism were very apparent and segregation was dominant, she was fortunate enough to have been born into a middle class family. Mamie was able to see both sides of the segregation by being allowed into white establishments.This had a significant impact on her way of thinking, she wanted to both races to be seen equally and this eventually led to her involvement in the desegregation of public schools. MAMIE CLARK 4 References Mamie Clark, a Supporter of the Black Child. (2013). Retrieved on January 18, 2013 from http://www. aaregistry. org/historic_events/view/mamie-clark-supporter-black-child Cherry, Kendra. Mamie Phipps Clark Biography. (2013). Retrieved on January 18, 20 13 from