Ignou solved assignment 2014 Essay Example for Free

Ignou solved assignment 2014 Es assertDescribe the evolutionary influence of organization form and different perspectives of organization physique and their relevance. Q. Explain the meaning and purpose of Job design and briefly discuss the impact technology has on Job design. Q. Discuss the purpose of organizational epitome and briefly describe the tools which could be apply for organizational analysis and their effectiveness. Q. Identify different kinds of change which take place in organization and strategies which ar used for change and their effectiveness.Discuss how resistance to change can be handled before implementing it. Give examples. Q. Discuss the process of institution building and the role of chief administrator in institution building with an example. 1. Organization design-A process for improving the probability that an organization will be successful. More specifically, Organization Design is a stiff, control process for integrating the citizenry, in formation and technology of an organization. It is used to match the form of the organization as closely as possible to the purpose(s) the organization look tos to achieve.Through the design process, organizations act to improve the probability that the collective efforts of members will be successful. Typically, design is approached as an internal change under the guidance of an external facilitator. Managers and members work unneurotic to define the needs of the organization then create systems to meet those needs most effectively. The facilitator assures that a systematic process is followed and encourages creative thinking. Hierarchical SystemsWestern organizations discombobulate been heavily influenced by the command and control structure of ancient military organizations, and by the turn of the century introduction of Scientific Management. Most organizations today ar designed as a bureaucracy in which authority and responsibleness argon arranged in a hierarchy. Within th e hierarchy rules, policies, and procedures are uniformly and impersonally applied to exert control over member behaviors. Activity is organized within sub-units (bureaus, or departments) in which people perform specialized functions such as manufacturing, sales, or accounting.People who perform similar tasks are clustered to renther. The same basic organizational form is assumed to be appropriate for every organization, be it a government, school, business, church, or fraternity. It is familiar, predictable, and rational. It is what comes immediately to mind when we discover that we really have to get organized As familiar and rational as the serviceable hierarchy whitethorn be, there are distinct disadvantages to blindly applying the same form of organization to all purposeful sorts. To understand the problem, begin by sight that different groups wish to achieve different outcomes.Second, observe that different groups have different members, and that each group possesses a di fferent culture. These differences in desired outcomes, and in people, should alert us to the danger of assuming there is any single best way of organizing. To be complete, however, similarly observe that different groups will plausibly choose different methods through which they will achieve their purpose. Service groups will choose different methods than manufacturing groups, and both(prenominal) will choose different methods than groups whose purpose is principally social.One structure cannot possibly fit all. , the form of organization must be matched to the purpose it seeks to achieve. The Design Process Organization design begins with the creation of a strategy a set of decision guidelines by which members will choose appropriate actions. The strategy is derived from clear, concise statements of purpose, and vision, and from the organizations basic philosophy. Strategy unifies the designing of the organization and focuses members toward actions designed to accomplish des ired outcomes.The strategy encourages actions that apply the purpose and discourages those that do not. Creating a strategy is planning, not organizing. To organize we must connect people with each other in meaningful and purposeful ways. Further, we must connect people with the information and technology necessary for them to be successful. Organization structure defines the formal relationships among people and specifies both their roles and their responsibilities. Administrative systems govern the organization through guidelines, procedures and policies.Information and technology define the process(es) through which members achieve outcomes. Each element must support each of the others and together they must support the organizations purpose. Exercising Choice Organizations are an invention of man. They are contrived social systems through which groups seek to exert influence or achieve a stated purpose. People choose to organize when they recognize that by acting alone they are express mail in their ability to achieve. We sense that by acting in concert we may overcome our individual limitations.When we organize we seek to direct, or pattern, the activities of a group of people toward a common outcome. How this pattern is designed and implemented greatly influences effectiveness. Patterns of activity that are complementary and interdependent are more likely to settlement in the achievement of intended outcomes. In contrast, activity patterns that are unrelated and independent are more likely to produce unpredictable, and often unintended results. The process of organization design matches people, information, and technology to the purpose, vision, and strategy of the organization.Structure is designed to enhance communication and information flow among people. Systems are designed to encourage individual responsibility and decision making. Technology is used to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. The end product is an integrated s ystem of people and resources, tailored to the specific room of the organization. 2. Job design refers to the way that a set of tasks, or an entire military control, is organized. Job design protagonists to determine What tasks are done? How the tasks are done, how many tasks are done, and in what order the tasks are done.It takes into account all factors which affect the work, and organizes the content and tasks so that the whole job is less likely to be a attempt to the employee. Job design involves administrative areas such as job rotation, job enlargement, task/machine pacing, work breaks, and Working hours. A well designed job will encourage a variety of good body positions, have reasonable strength requirements, require a reasonable amount of mental activity, and help foster feelings of achievement and self-esteem. 3. Organizational analysis may be done for different purposes.These include 1) Enhancing the frequent understanding of the functioning of Organization s (i. e. educational or explore purposes. ) (The direct beneficiary is the researcher or the analyst rather than the Organization). Such a study may aim at enhancing the understanding of human behaviour through a study of it in organisation, or to enhance the understanding of the society as reflected in organisational life. 2) Planning for growth and diversification An analysis or a diagostic study may be necessary for planning growth, diversification, expansion etc.Organisational analysis may reveal the strengths that could be used for growth and diversification, shoddy spots that need to be removed in the new plans, the precautions to be taken, structural dimensions to be kept in mind etc. Several insights may be provided on structure, people, systems, styles, technology etc. that have implications for growth. 3) Improving Organisational Effectiveness or Planning General Improvements Organisational Analysis may be used also for improving the general efficiency of an organisatio n.On the basis of a diagnosis made out of the analysis action steps could be initiated in cost of toning up administration, introducing new management systems and processes, reduction of wasteful expenditure, introduction of time savers, change of personnel policies to enhance employee motivation, restructuring of some parts, training, elimination of unwanted structures and teasers, improvements in general health of the organisation etc. 4) Organisational Problem Solving Whenever some subsystems departments, units etc.fall sick or start creating problems a diagnosis may be undertaken with a bring in to identify the source of the problem and take corrective action. A sick unit, a bottleneck, a communication block, a poor performing department, frequently occurring booking betwixt two departments, repeated failures of a management system or an organisational process, a frequent violation of an organisational norm, fall in discipline, reduction in siding absenteeism, increase in c onflicts etc. can all lead to the need for an organisational diagnosis of a part of the organisatioin or the entire organisation. tools of organisational analysisObservation represents the narrow and planned method of recording sure phenomena, objects, events in conjunction with a given situation. Constantinescu, etc. (2008) considers it necessary, within the organisation, to focus on observing the interaction between employees, in order to find answers to questions such as What is the working pace of the employees slow, methodical, alert, spontaneous? What rituals do you notice in the enterprise? What are the values disseminated? Do the meetings generally provide revealing information? Who participates in these meetings? Who speaks? Whom do these people speak to?To what extent is sincerity situated in these meetings? How much time is dedicate to different topics? The topics which often recur and which are discussed in depth frequently represent indications of the organisational culture values. Observations are used for gathering data on the symbols which are analyzed by the qualitative analysis methods. Observations include mostly behavioural material, but also semantic symbols. Observations of behavioural symbols include monitoring and recording the organizational rituals, such as, for example, the celebration of company day as a ritual of integration.There will also be careful attention focused on the state and architecture of the buildings, decor, billboards, staff dress code, behaviour and habits, working environment, the way in which everyone fulfils their role, employee behaviour in conflict situations. The analysis of these aspects allows knowing the reality, the working environment, both the organisations physical components and the emotional, psychological elements, harder to decipher at first glance. The opinion query technique always involves oral information, having the advantage of flexibility, of the ability to get specific answers to each question.Along with the use of the questionnaire, it is one of the techniques most often used in qualitative research. The interview is, however, a complex technique that requires certain abilities and skills from the researcher, especially social, communication and self-reflection skills. The interview is used in the study of organisational culture to collect qualitative data about the cognitive elements of the culture, such as assumptions, values, norms and attitudes. Interviews may also serve to identify symbols, certain expressions, stories, anecdotes specific to the organisation.To successfully use the interview in organisational culture research, it is important to determine the persons that will be interviewed, when, where and how the interview will be conducted, the set of questions that will be used and the method of recording it (Janicijevic, 2011 , p 85). Interviews help us perceive the consistency between what the interviewees say and the facts recorded from other source s. These perceptions are generally useful for defining an updated vision of the history, the important events and its impact on the functioning of the organisation

Students stress Essay Example for Free

Students separate out Essay?Introduction paragraph As we know going to college has a coarse importance for all(prenominal) schoolchild. Obviously students gain different experiences from each other. Becoming a student has advantages and disadvantages. This essay introduces us with one of the disadvantages which is students stress. Financial problems , duration steering , changing sleeping or feed habits and accessible activities are some takingss and causes that induce students stress. Body paragraphs Topic censure Time contestment is an effect that induces students stress.Connecting explanation When students dont manage their time appropriately they find it difficult to study. lucubrate / assure 1 Not being able to make their time ,they find it difficult to find the right time to study or work (or any other activity) Detail / Evidence 2 The much time spent at work (or different activities), the less time a student spends studying. spokesperson 1 Having to h old down a subcontract and still be a college student is a constant source of stress (Calderon , Hey Seabert , 2001).Connecting explanation The students that work or attend to social activities find it troublesome to manage their time so they can achieve what they want. concluding sentence As we see from the example above students that dont manage their time have lots of stress. Time management is an effect that induces students stress. Being regular attendees to different activities makes them to have less time to study. Having a work also complicates the expertness to manage their time appropriately. It is important for every student to have at least a guide that explains how they can handle this stress.Being able to manage our time helps us a lot to achieve in the appropriate way our studies , work and social activities. Topic sentence An important cause that leads to students stress is fiscal problem. Connecting explanation Having financial problems it is sure as shoo ting the best way to distract students from their studies. Detail / Evidence 1 Financial support is a tremendous performer in the success of a college student. Detail / Evidence 2 The need for financial support leads students to take care of job responsibilities.Example 1 If the student has a family that involves his or her own children, the support of everyone is needed even more to achieve the goal of graduation (Trockel et al , 2000). Connecting explanation Not having a financial support leads students to take job responsibilities which causes lots of stress. Concluding sentence As we see in the example above the support of the family is a huge importance. Having financial problems it is surely the best way to distract students from their studies. Finding how to manage their costs is obviously very stressful.The reason that obligates students to take care of job responsibilities is the lack of a financial support. Being free of financial responsibilities is a relief for the m. According to the example , to achieve the goal of graduation the students families must give them support. Topic sentence Changing sleeping habits its other cause that creates students stress. Connecting explanation When students go to college change their sleeping habits because of job responsibilities or social activities. Detail / Evidence 1 catnap deprivation causes shortened attention span.Detail / Evidence 2 Increased number of errors that students make on a test. Example 1 Sleeping shorter bills of time has shown to increase factors such as anxiety and stress which have been associated with academics performance (Celly et al 2001). Connecting explanation Usually students that change their sleeping habits for different reasons tend to doze off their attention which reduces their grades. Concluding sentence According to the example above , sleeping less causes much more stress which lowers the academic performance.Changing sleeping habits its another cause that crea tes students stress. Most of the students when they go to college start a work or attend to social activities which makes them sleep less. A low attention its obviously a lack of sleep. Not being careful to their courses makes them lose lots of information and increases the errors in their tests. According to Celly (2001) Anxiety and stress come from a low amount of sleep and thats what leads to a reduced academic performance. Topic sentence Being part of social activities is another cause that induces students stress.Connecting explanation Following social activities spends the students time more than it should. Detail / Evidence 1 Taking time out of frequent study hours to work out pulls away from grades. Detail/ Evidence 2 employment too much or not at all can influence academic performance. Example 1 Students who exercised seven or more hours a week obtain significantly lower grades than students who exercised 6 or fewer hours weekly or not at all. Connecting explanation Exercising too much reduces students academic performance which leads to lower grades.Concluding sentence According to the example above , we can see the importance of not expenditure too much time in different activities. Being part of social activities is another cause that induces students stress. We all know that following social activities is steady-going when its not exaggerated. It is obvious that spending lots of time in activities doesnt give us the opportunity to study enough. Not studying enough surely reduces students grades. According to the example above , students should understand the importance of spending appropriate hours on social activities.Topic sentence Another cause that induces students stress is changing food habits. Connecting explanation Because of different things that students might have during their college they dont have enough time to cook so they change their eating habits. Detail / Evidence 1 Having an unhealthy fast is an important detail t hat leads to students stress. Detail / Evidence 2 Learning to cook is a new challenge for students. Example 1 Little retention space is available in the average dorm room , and food storage may not be realistic at all (Trockel et al , 2000).Connecting explanations Many students consider learning to cook as a challenge so they choose to have an unhealthy diet which causes stress for them. Concluding sentence According to Trockel (2000) the reason that students choose to have an unhealthy diet is because of the little storage space available in the average dorm room , or the food storage might not be possible at all. Another cause that induces students stress is changing food habits. Students before going to college were used with moms cooking. Now they have to do everything on their own , concluding cooking.Because of many students consider cooking as a challenge they go to the supermarket to buy something to eat. Having an unhealthy diet its proved that lowers the capacity to study and this causes students stress. According to Trockel (2000) the reason that students choose to have an unhealthy diet is because of the little storage space available in the average dorm room , or the food storage might not be possible at all. Concluding paragraph As we see there are lots of causes and effects that induce students stress.Last year I was a freshman in an Italian university and I can say from my experience that is very difficult to handle a stress that college induces. I think that those causes and effects are parts of every students life that is why they shouldnt freak out. Knowing how financial problems , social activities , time management , the change of sleep and food habits effect students should also be a good priority for studiers to find a way how we can handle it. Capable students obviously forget be an important step that will lead us to a better future.

Looking At The Future Of Broadcasting

Looking At The Future Of BroadcastingMedia and TV have changed a lot in those last 2O years save we may think that this change is going to be even faster and to a greater extent important in the 2O next years. Of course the new media (internet) and the new technologies united to the internet have completely changed peoples habits. We should non focus on emerging technologies but on emerging cultural practices. So in a offset part, we be going to focus on the consumers behavior cracking, and then, we are going to get a clear vision of how the future of broadcasting devices is developing jibe to current movements. Finally, in a third part we are going to expose the following issue what will the relevant challenge of this mul clipdia purlieu transformation be?First, we want to focus on the consumers changing behavior concerning TV and so in this part, we are going to look at the consumers demands regarding TV and Medias.First of all, we stop notice that today (and in the future also), consumers know exactly what they want and what they dont want. For example, they dont want so many TV commercials they are acquiring fed up with these commercials. Indeed, nowadays people mainly watch TV during their spare time in order to relax and get entertainment. As a consequence, TV commercials are perceived as something boring and intrusive which deprives the viewer of his relaxing and entertaining time. To crown it all the commercials are becoming less effective than before because people feel bored with them and prefer switching programs or moving to on-demand viewing because there, the commercials are not so numerous.Further more(prenominal), consumers also want TV to become more and more convenient for them, they want and feel the need to have all the control on it and they dont have time to waste on it. We can speak here about time, place, control, money and attention stiring.Time shifting people want television when it suits them. For instance, they want their programs to start at a convenient time for their schedules and not to adapt their schedules to the programsPlace shifting people want television the way they want it and where they want it. They want to be fitted to watch television everywhere and on whatever screen they want (TV, com cast offer, smartphone, t adaptedt)Control shifting people want to be able to share, let loose back, influence. They want to share and express their opinion about what they have watchedMoney shifting people want to make a good deal, to have a real value for their money.Attention shifting people want real values for their attention.Finally, consumers or viewing audience also want to have more and more choices and opportunities but with less and less time. So, in the future, TV will have to adapt to these new demands in order to seduce consumers.So now, after having considered the shift in the consumers behaviors we can take a look at the technological changes that have occurred in the last decades, t hese changes are going to be more and more relevant over time.There is no doubt, for instance concerning the importance of internet in the modern shift followed by media and consumers around broadcasting practices. After except two short decades, internet seems to be the most relevant media for a large part of the world. Indeed actual surveys show that internet took a outgrowth part in peoples life in 2002 internet was considered only by 20% as the essential media in their life instead of 33% in 2007 at the same time Radio has dropped from 26% to 17%. The technological improvements which have accompanied the revolution are numerous but they seem to be characterized by the same objective to be more effectual to deliverer wherever or whenever the consumers want the information. In order to do so marketers and industrials put a lot of efforts to ease daily life are we witnessing a technological convergence? Today, you can find in the same apparel TV program broadcasting, radio chann el, and internet access to social network or newspaper apps. Thus you can decide, and be the only one who chooses what, when or where youre foregone be able to be expose.However, nowadays, people are more likely to move around and be more active consequently they are not obviously able to hold with the initial scheduling so in order to counteract this time-shifting problem a lot of technologies enable the viewers to shift the viewing time thanks to simple acts. For example with the emergence of Pay-TV channel, or integrated recorder material the viewers dont have any more time restraint. Maybe in a little time we can believe that we will be able to use both technologies conjointly with mobile devices.In order to conclude this report we can focus on several main points and issues.First, If we can say that, money seems to be the sinews of war and this one among advertisers and content owners seem to be difficult. Indeed it started 60 years ago with the tremendous event of the birth of television. The advertisers quickly understood that it was a really efficient means to communicate with potential consumers. Nowadays they are still expecting good return on investment, so they expect their messages to reach the largest audience. But today the immersion of the PayTV distribution is going to change things. Contents owners are going to be able to target the audience with accuracy that is to say to aim at providing the viewers with the programs they really want in exchange of their money. And its in this context that TV contents owners are going to be more and more powerful. In detail contents owners are going to be able to become greedy because a result of a survey conducted by Nielsen/AIG and according to Jason KIla shows that Hulusa payTV distribution movie publicizing service is roughly 2x as effective as traditional TV video advertising services. Our point of view since 2007 has been that if we become the most effective video advertising service, then we co uld earn higher advertising revenues. As a consequence, we can easily think that in the future, broadcasting is going to be provide by economic interests.Moreover, one possible issue with pay TV or TV on demand would be that customers will be able to watch exactly what they want, and so, we may think that the majority of people may like to watch movies or series in order to have frolic and relaxation. As a consequence we could notice an increase of the Dallasification phenomena on the TV market because people are usually more seduced by the American programs for entertainment. Moreover, at the same time, people would watch less cultural programs. This phenomenon could lead to the end of the public TV broadcasting service because people would neglect cultural programs in favor of entertainment programs. This, means, that PBS will no longer insure its educating duty and therefore its role would be questionable. So now, one question can be raised how will PBS adapt itself to the futu re in order to stay visible and useful to the viewers? Does it also mean that we are drawn into a purely commercial and selfish society which is going to be interested only in entertainment and the current affairs that notice within its community?

Oxygen Consumption in Cellular Respiration

Oxygen Consumption in Cellular RespirationIntroductionDormant seeds argon seeds that are living but have a seed coat around them. They have all the supplies they need to process and have a metabolism, and they would be able to germinate if they were under the right conditions.1 Germination occurs when dormant seeds are placed in the right conditions to start to enlarge and open so grow start to protrude. Oxygen, wet, temperature, and fare of light are all important factors for germination. For peas to germinate, they need a dark, warm environment after soaking in water.Cellular airing is a metabolic process. Eventually, catabolic reactions are apply to break down an organic molecule to release energy. Cellular respiration occurs through trine stages Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and oxidisation phosphoralation. Cellular respiration is aerobic, and glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) go into the reaction, and through the process, carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and up to 38 A TP are produced. This means that during the process, the glucose is broken down and the oxygen is consumed. As this happens, carbon dioxide and water come proscribed and energy is released into the cell.The ecumenical gas equation, otherwise known as the Ideal Gas Law, statesPV=nRTsuch that P is storm, V is gas volume, n is the amount of gas molecules, R is the gas constant that remains the same and is measured in units of the other aspects, and T is temperature of the gas. The general gas equation is important because it shows that compress and volume are inversely proportional in the molecules and temperature stays the same. Also, if the molecule number stays the same, but the temperature changes, the cart and volume are directly proportional to temperature and one or both will change in the same direction.A respirometer measures how much oxygen is used during cellular respiration. The basic concept is, as oxygen from the air in the respirometer will be consumed in the reacti on the volume of the oxygen gas decreases, and the pressure decreases as well. When the pressure decreases, water from outside the respirometer will proportionally come into the pipette, and if the amount entering is measured, then the amount of oxygen consumed is the same.Potassium hydroxide tooth root reacts with carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate. The carbon dioxide will be completely used in the reaction, so none will be left in the surroundings. In the experiment, the carbon dioxide that is produced will move towards the 15% KOH solution and will create the solid potassium carbonate. Therefore, any volume change is not cogitate to the CO2.The purpose of the experiment is to determine how much O2 is used in cellular respiration. In addition, the different rates of reactions of germinated peas compared to teetotal peas is tested to determine if one is more than efficient, and different temperatures are tested to see which has the greatest effect.It was hypothesized th at the germinated peas will have a higher rate of reaction and in that locationfore consumes more oxygen than the dry peas. Also, the peas in the warmer water will have a higher rate of reaction as well.Materials and Methods50mL tubeH2OTub with 10 C WaterExtra iceTub with means-temperature Water50 germinating peas50 dry peasGlass beadsPaper towelsSix vialsSix stoppers with trumpery fine-tune pipettes given overAbsorbent cottonNonabsorbent cottonDropper6mL 15% KOH solution6 weightsTapeThermometerThe inhabit temperature water tub was placed out before the experiment took place to insure that the water reached equilibrium. Ice was added to the water of the second tub to keep a constant temperature of 10 C. This temperature was maintained by adding ice when needed throughout the experiment.A tube was filled with 25mL of H2O. 25 germinating peas were added, and the water displacement was recorded. This was the volume of the 25 germinating peas. The peas were then placed on a compo sition towel to dry off. The tube was refilled, and 25 dried peas were added. Glass beads were added until the same volume of germinating peas was reached. The peas and beads were placed on a paper towel to dry. The tube was refilled and only glass beads were added until the germinating peas volume was reached. The beads were placed on a paper towel to dry. The process of adding germinating peas, dried peas, and glass beads to 25mL of H2O was repeated so there were two coiffures of each.Next, the respirometers were created. Absorbent cotton was placed on the bottom of each of the six vials. One mile of 15% KOH was placed on the cotton, making sure that the sides of the vials remained dry. Nonabsorbent cotton was placed on top of the moistened cotton. For vial 1, the first set of germinating peas was placed on top of the cotton. Vial 2 had the first set of dried peas and beads, and vial three had the first set of only beads. Vial four had the second set of germinating peas, vial fi ve had the second set of dried peas and beads, and vial six and the second set of beads. The stoppers with the pipettes were placed in each vial. A weight was attached to the bottom of each.Tape was placed across each tub to create a sling. The first 3 vials were placed in the tub of room-temperature water, and the last three were placed in the 10 C water tub. The pipettes of all were placed on the sling so that the vials were not completely in the water. After cardinal minutes, all the respirometers were submerged in the water so that the numbers on the pipette could quieten be read. After 3 minutes, the initial water amount was recorded for each vial. The temperature in both tubs was recorded. The water position was recorded for each vial in both tubs every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. Once done, the respirometers were taken apart, the cotton and peas were discarded, and the rest of the respirometers were washed and dried. The water in the tubs was discarded in the sink.ResultsIt w as hypothesized that the germinating peas would have a faster rate of reaction than the dried peas, and the ones in the room temperature water would have a better reaction rate than the ones in 10 water. The results support the hypothesis.As shown in Table 3, the variety column shows the initial development minus the reading of the time for each vial, this represents how much water has entered into the pipette since the beginning of the experiment. If the water entered more, then the pressure deep down the vial must have decreased, therefore the oxygen in the vial must have been consumed during the experiment. The germinating peas had much more of a disparity than the dried peas. Therefore, oxygen was consumed must faster in the germinating peas than the dried ones. The hypothesis was correct.The glass beads were the control of the experiment, since there was no respiration taking place in those respirometers therefore, if there were any outside forces locomoteing the experimen t, they would be detected in this respirometer. In table 3, the difference in the initial and each time check was shown for beads. The pressure did change slightly in both the room temperature and 10 C water. This could be collectable to the temperature change of the air, resulting in the temperature change in the water and respirometer. harmonise to the general gas law, if the temperature increases, the pressure or volume will also increase, and this would cause the water to leave the pipette. Therefore, the difference would be ban since there is less(prenominal) water in the tube than the initial amount.The corrected differences shown in Table 3 are found by subtracting the difference of the beads initial reading and reading at the moment from the difference between the initial amount and the reading of the moment of the peas. This is the amount of pressure just lost only due to cellular respiration. When the corrected difference is negative, that means that the pressure increa sed in the vial, as discussed above. The corrected differences in the 20 water are shown in take to 1. The germinating peas increased a lot more than the dried peas, shown by the steep slope of the germinating peas in 20 C water. The dried peas actually had a negative corrected difference, which indicates either an increase in pressure or increase in temperature. Figure 2 shows the corrected differences in the 10 C water. The germinating peas still had a higher rate of reaction for cellular respiration in the colder water. The dried peas had a negative corrected difference, so like the ones in the room temperature water, this indicates either temperature of pressure increases around the respirometers.The hypothesis that cellular respiration would occur more in the room temperature respirometers than the 10 C water was correct. The germinating peas in the room temperature water consumed far more oxygen than the ones in the 10 water. As shown in Table 3, in the first five minutes, th e germinating peas in the room water caused the pressure to drop .2 mL in the respirometer. The ones in the cold water only caused the pressure to drop .06mL, the big difference already shows that higher temperatures affect cellular respiration positively. Figure 3 shows the two germinating peas in the different water. The ones in room temperature water have a steep slope compared to the ones in the 10 C water. The curves indicate that the cellular respiration increased faster in the germinating peas in the room temperature water than the ones in the 10 C water. The difference between the two temperatures shows that the cellular respiration has an ideal temperature to achieve efficiency of the respiration, and that room temperature is better than 10 C water.

Reflective Essay on depression and mental illness

Reflective Essay on low and intellectual illnessDepression is the commonest mental illness in the world yet only a few can tell you what exactly it is. Most people can well enough to signalise signs and symptoms of heart attack, diabetes, breast cancer and many more medical conditions. This statement is not only true for the general population, medical practitioner argon no exclusion.Many different impression, information and judgment ab surface stamp from one person to another person, from one nicety to another culture and from one smudge to another place. For me what is common throughout the world about this mental illness is ignorant. No wonder why John Kirwan, former New Zealand All non-white rugby player, now rugby coach, recently said about his effectBeating that was the hardest thing I had to do in my life. I didnt ware a clue what was wrong with me, nor did lots of the doctors I saw. I finally found a doctor who reliablely got it, understood. Thats what you need. There are so many preconceptions out there about mental illness.Before I learn this psychiatry module about a yr ago, I like many of my friends thought that natural depression is not so common and it is actually not an illness of any kind. However after knowing that approximately about 20% of women and 12% of men worldwide suffer from depression1, which is higher than prevalence of other common disease such as diabetes where worldwide prevalence is about 2.8% in year 20002, it changes my perspectives on depression. Interestingly even though depression is very common I rarely encounter any patient who was bring upd with depression during my medical and working(a) attachment. I only saw one patient with depression for the whole attachment. This totally contradicts with what I learn where prevalence for depression among patient in infirmary is about 10%1.This makes me think why such a gap occurs between what I learn and what I encounter in a real world. I began to question mysel f in lots of different ways in order to answer this question. I start looking back to myself first how my perception toward depression before I learn about this mental illness. I was clueless about depression. I used to have perception that depression has the aforementioned(prenominal) meaning to sadness. Depression is a normal thing to happen to someone that encounter unfortunate event in their life. I never knew depression is a mental illness that needs to be diagnosed and enured accordingly. I never heard people went to a doctor because they feel their life miserable and I also never heard a doctor prescribing a medication to patient because of depression. That was me before I learn this psychiatry module.Majority people in my country, Malaysia, have the same perception like me. There never knew that depression is a mental illness where it has specific criteria to diagnose and need to be treated accordingly like other disease. Why it is like this? In my opinion this is very muc h related to how culture in my country which is eastern culture where a lot of people believe in mysticism. Even though majority of them result set about medical practitioner when they get other material illness provided when it accompany to the illness related to mood, feeling or behaviour where there is no obvious physical pain, they prefer to go to priest-doctor or spiritual healer. They believe some other spirit are harming and controlling their inner self. Although many of them are Muslim where they shouldnt believe in such outside(a) but a very long history of mysticism in that part of the world has made it hard to be washed away from people perception. This is the perception about depression in this part of the world.Here in Ireland or in the western culture, I find peoples perception toward depression is quite different. Many of people here know the depression is part of mental illness. However a lot of them as other place in the world dont know what exactly we calle d depression as a mental illness. If they do get depression they dont know to whom they should consult, how to deal with it and what the treatment option are available. Not many advertisements about the illness can be found out there in the public. Apart from that depression as other mental illness carry some stigma in the community here. Stigma that there is no cure for the depression, the depressed person will never come back to normal and they are dangerous to public.It seems clear to me that many factors why people are less likely to research medical attention when they have depression. As many as two thirds of the people with depression do not realize that they have a treatable illness and do not seek treatment3. Lack of knowledge together with misconception what exactly the depression is unable people to distinguish and determine whether they are having depression or something else. As bad as ignorant about the disease itself, people dont know what to do when they know they h ave depression. Stigma that surrounding the depression also contribute to this phenomenon. The evidence for this is understandably stated in the conclusion of the research done by Lisa J. Barney et al where they wrote self- and perceived-stigmatizing responses to help-seeking for depression are prevalent in the community and are associated with reluctance to seek professional help4.Then I start to question myself it is only because of the public that do not seek medical treatment that contribute to the under diagnose of depression or there are others factor determine it. When I read an article title Depression over and under diagnosed in chief(a) care4, it make me realise that most GPs have problem in diagnosing depression. According to the article a meta-analysis of more than 50,000 patients has shown that general practitioners (GPs) have great difficulty separating those with and without depression, with substantial numbers of missed and misidentified cases of depression5. Docto rs in the primary care is the first medical person that patient will come and complaint about their depression symptoms. However if most of these doctors fail to fuck and diagnose it, this will bring the number of undiagnosed depression further up.Why is this happen? Why depression is so common to be unrecognised even by a doctor? I dont know the exact reason but for me may be because of the symptom of depression is a lot and varies from one person to another person make it harder to diagnose. According to the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode includes at least 5 of the symptoms which are low mood, anhedonia, significant weight loss, insomnia, loss of energy, psychomotor agitation, feeling worthlessness, low concentration and recurrent thoughts of death for the same 2-week period, representing a change from previous functioning, must include either low mood or anhedonia1.Apart from this criteria patient also present with atypical presentation where major depressive disorder may not initially present. In primary setting patient with depression often come with symptoms such as fatigue, headache, abdominal pique or change in weight1. Patients can become more irritable rather than low mood or sad. Initial symptoms of depression in children is harder to recognise and can be misleading as the children may present with irritability, decline in school performance or social withdrawal1. Misdiagnose depression in patients in primary care will lead to inappropriate treatment and poorer outcomes6.In term of treatment of depression, I learnt about biopsychosocial approach which is for me is very unique module of treatment. This type of treatment helps to tackle each aspect of the depression including brain pathophysiology, psychological state and social circumstances of the patient. For most patients with mild to moderate depression psychotherapy (cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy) is the treatment of choice. However, the com bined approach with medication generally provides the patient with the quickest and most sustained response1. Usually, antidepressant medication such as SSRIs is used for severe depression.In conclusion, learning psychiatry module has change a lot of my perspective toward depression and mental illness generally. It has exposed me to a different and new perception in this topic. Before this I see depression as something that not important to diagnose and treat but now I see depression as a very serious illness that can lead to fatality if left untreated. I will make sure that in the future, I always put depression as part of my differential diagnosis for most medical or functional cases that I encounter as a doctor.

The Myth of a Classless America Essay -- Wealth Society Culture Racism

The Myth of a Classless America The myth of a classless American society coupled with social stratification impedes lam relations in the U.S. far more than any racial differences. The never ending struggle of the have- nons to become one of the haves produces a foiling and feeling of conquering that acts as a catalyst for spawning racial tensions. Minorities see the majority of wealth in the hands of the white population and feel that the wealth is un reddenly distributed. Whites essay of government programs for minorities and feel as if they argon lazy or just looking for a hand bulge out. This come abouts and stereotypes are formed. Combine all of this with the United States system of double welfareand the perfect environment for racial strife is created. In our classlesssociety of specious hope the working class and poor are continually seeking opportunities to excel that just arent there. They have been led to believe that intelligence and ambition are key contrib utors to ones success. This belief lays blame on the unsuccessful themselves, even if they do possess ambition and intelligence. These people are in a never ending cycle of struggle, followed by minimal rewards, which eventually produces a frustration that sometimes leads to desperate measures. Cornell West expands on this with the following statement . . . homicidal assaults by young black men on one another are only the most obvious signs of this empty quest for pleasure, property, and power (Race and Racism p.123). This statement shows the extremes one will go to in his empty quest for a better life. This is not only happening to blacks by blacks. It is happening to all races by all races. People hear of events the like these and categorize them as a racial crime or a racially motivated crime just because the dupes may be of a different race. As Wests statement demonstrates the killings occur as a means to an end, the end being a better life. In our ever diversifying melting po t of a country, same race victim and criminal crimes are becoming less and less statistically likely anyway. Events such as these dont occur because of race. They occur because of the frustration and desperation bred by the false hope that hard work and determination leads to success. It is no mystery that most of the wealthy people in America are white. West again points out (Race and Racism p.... ... amount that they pay in is equal to the amount that Bill Gates pays in. Theres something about this whole system that just doesnt seem proportionately correct. It seems like the percentage sacrificed should be the same across the board. All the examples I have given may seem like this paper is about the wealthy and the poor, and not about racial differences in the United States. If it does there is a reason for that. The upper class or super rich, whichever you want to call them, receive more benefits than the poor. The upper class is mainly white and the poor and working cl ass are a mixture of all races. This gives the appearance that assistance is based on race, when its not. It is based on class. People see these events and make generalizations and this in turn leads to racial tension. If steps are taken to make classless America a reality, then these racial tensions would ease. Works Cited Langston, Donna. Class and Inequality. Race , Class, and Gender . 20 January 2000.Belmont, CA Wadsworth publication Company 1998.West, Cornell. Race and Racism. Race, Class, And Gender . 9 January 2000.Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Company 1998.

A Day In The Life Of Ivan Denisovich :: essays research papers

The novel, A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, is a very detailed and graphic description of one spells conduct struggle in a Stalinist work camp. It is the story of Ivan Denisovichs, most often going by the name of Shukhov, determination and volume to endure the hardships of imprisonment and dehumanization. The most memorable scene shows Shukhovs determination to survive and adapt to his life. The meal scenes of the novel are where he demonstrates that he has erudite to adjust in order to survive. When you worked for the knowing you gave them quality when you worked for a fool you simply gave him eyewash (page 26). This is the most important quote in the novel because it is the jurisprudence of which Shukhov lives and survives by. This novel is an account of one day of a mans struggle with the life that has been dealt to him.Ivan Denisovich Shukhov is a man that has l earn to deal with a life that is an endless struggle for survival. For example, Sh ukhov has learned to prioritize the necessities of his life. One being a decent amount of food daily. Shukhov has been able to learn the ropes of the camp and know what he has to do and who he has to interact with in order to get them. He also knows that he should not take lightly what he has and because of that, more than erstwhile saved pieces of bread, from an already small meal, for times when he knows he will need them more. Furthermore, Shukhov knows that he is not the only one with a life deal his and treats his fellow zets with the help and compassion they deserve. He has helped out many of the other zets learn to survive in the work camp and in turn is precondition more respect than others. In addition, Shukhov, although dehumanized at almost every time of the day, is still able to keep values of his own. Values of respect, to those who have earned it self pride, so not to be pushed around by just anyone and even after eight years of facing the bitter cold he will not ea t with his hat on. It is Shukhovs character that kept him alive and sane after eight years in the harsh Stalinist Work Camp.Throughout the novel the meal times are pointed out as being very important to Shukhov.